Umlando wokuthuthuka kanye nesimo samanje semboni yezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni yamazwe ngamazwe

1. Imboni yenkundla yezindiza yamazwe ngamazwe yaqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, lapho yayilingisa kakhulu imikhiqizo yangaphambili yeSoviet Union.Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 kuya maphakathi nawo-1980, yonke imboni yahlela imiklamo emibili ehlangene.Umkhiqizi ngamunye wezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni wethula ubuchwepheshe bangaphandle obuphambili.Isibonelo, i-Beijing Aerial Operating Vehicle Plant yethule ubuchwepheshe bemoto yangaphakathi ye-Mitsubishi 15t yase-Japan ephikisayo esebenza emoyeni esebenza ngokulinganayo.I-Dalian High-altitude Operating Vehicle General Factory yethule ubuchwepheshe be-Mitsubishi 1040t yangaphakathi yemoto evuthayo elingana nebhalansi esebenza esemoyeni kanye nobuchwepheshe bezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni zamabhokisi, iTianjin Aerial Operating Vehicle General Factory yethule I-Bulgarian Balkan Vehicle Company 1.256.3t yethula ubuchwepheshe bemoto yangaphakathi e-Opey Hangzhou, i-Opey Hangzhou German kanye ne-Opey Hanging yase-Opeerial yase-Opeerial yaseJalimane yethule ubuchwepheshe bezimoto ezishisayo zase-Opey. imoto yokusebenza yasemoyeni yenkampani i-hydrostatic drive, imoto yokusebenza yasemoyeni engekho emgwaqeni kanye nobuchwepheshe bokusebenza basemoyeni kagesi, imboni yokusebenza yasemoyeni yase-Hefei, inkampani yomsebenzi wasemoyeni i-Baoji yethule ubuchwepheshe bokusebenza basemoyeni baseJapane i-TCM Corporation engu-110t, inkampani yomsebenzi wasemoyeni i-Hunan Yethulwe ubuchwepheshe bedivayisi ekwazi ukuvutha yangaphakathi yeNkampani ye-British Pleban Machinery Company.Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990, amabhizinisi athile abalulekile abeqongelela futhi ethuthukisa imikhiqizo yawo ngesisekelo sokugaya kanye nokumunca ubuchwepheshe obuvela kwamanye amazwe.Ngakho-ke, izinga lamanje lobuchwepheshe lezimoto zasemoyeni ezakhiwe ekhaya alilingani.Phakathi kwazo, ngenxa yezingqinamba zobuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo obubuyela emuva, izinga eliphelele lezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezisebenza ngogesi lihluke kakhulu ezingeni eliphezulu lomhlaba.Kusadingeka ukungenisa kwamanye amazwe izimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezingabiza izigidi ezingama-200 zamadola aseMelika minyaka yonke.Ukuthi izimoto zasemoyeni zase-China zingaqhudelana yini emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe futhi zihlale zingenakunqotshwa emqhudelwaneni nabadlali abaqine kakhulu emhlabeni kuzoncika ekuthuthukisweni kwezinga lobuchwepheshe lilonke lezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni, ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezisebenza ngogesi.

2 Ukuhlaziywa kwezimakethe zasekhaya nezangaphandle

Kubikezelwa ukuthi kunabakhiqizi bezimoto ezisebenza endaweni ephakeme abangaba ngu-250 emhlabeni, ezinomthamo wokukhiqiza wonyaka wamayunithi angama-500,000.Ngenxa yokuncintisana okushubile, uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka yawo-1980, imboni yezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni emhlabeni wonke ibonise into engavamile yokwenyuka kokuthengiswa kanye nenzuzo enciphile.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko, izikhondlakhondla zezimoto ezisebenza endaweni ephakeme ziye zakha amafekthri ekuthuthukisweni.Isibonelo, i-China yakhe i-Xiamen Linde, i-Anhui TCM Beijing Halla, i-Hunan Destar, i-Yantai Daewoo Heavy Industry, ne-Shanghai Hyster.Lezi zinkampani zaletha imikhiqizo nobuchwepheshe obuphambili emhlabeni maphakathi nawo-1990 ezweni, okwakhuthaza ukuthuthuka ngokushesha kobuchwepheshe bezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni kuleli, futhi kwaba nomthelela omkhulu emakethe yasekhaya.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuthuthuka komnotho wemakethe, isimo kanye neqhaza lobuchwepheshe bezokuthutha ekuthuthukisweni komnotho kuye kwaba sobala kakhulu, futhi izinga lokungena kwezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni liye laba phezulu kakhulu.Ingene emikhakheni eyahlukene yomnotho wezwe isuka esikhumulweni semikhumbi esisodwa esikhathini esedlule.imboni.Uhlu lwamanje lwezimoto zokusebenza zasemoyeni ezweni lami cishe amayunithi ayi-180,000, futhi isidingo sangempela esingaba khona ngonyaka singamayunithi ayi-100,000, kuyilapho umthamo wangempela wokuthengisa wonyaka ungamayunithi angama-30,000 kuphela.Kuyabonakala ukuthi imakethe yezimoto zasemoyeni zaseChina inkulu

Ngokuqonda kwabantu okujulile ngezingozi zokunukubezeka kwemvelo, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo sekuyinto okugxilwe kuyo kakhulu emhlabeni.Ngakho-ke, izimoto zasemoyeni ezinobungani bemvelo zizoba yimakethe yemakethe;okwesibili, ukusungulwa kwezinhlelo zokugcina okuzenzakalelayo kanye nezitolo ezinkulu kuye kwaduduza ukunaka kwemishini yokuphatha yasendlini.Ukukhula kwesidingo kanye nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamapulatifomu asemoyeni kagesi asebenza kahle kakhulu, amapulatifomu asemoyeni aqhubekela phambili, amapulatifomu asemoyeni anemizila emincane kanye neminye imishini yokugcina impahla kungesinye isici semakethe yesikhulumi sasemoyeni esizayo;ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa komnotho wembulunga yonke ngokuqinisekile kuyokwenza ukuthi uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lubangele ukwanda okukhulu kwezohwebo phakathi kwamazwe nangaphakathi kwamazwe.Eminye imininingwane ikhombisa ukuthi izinga lokuphuma kwamakhonteyna emhlabeni likhula ngesilinganiso esingaba ngu-30% minyaka yonke.Ukwanda kwezohwebo kuzothuthukisa intuthuko esheshayo yemishini yesimanje yokuphatha kanye nempahla yokupakisha.

3 Ukuthuthukiswa kwendlela yobuchwepheshe besimanje bezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni

3.1 Ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kanye nokwehlukahlukana

Ngokwendlela yokuhlukanisa ye-American Industrial Vehicle Association, izimoto ezisebenza emoyeni zihlukaniswe izigaba ezingu-123456 nezingu-77, okuyizimoto ezihamba emoyeni ezihamba ngogesi, izimoto ezihamba emoyeni ezincane ezisebenza ngogesi, amaloli e-pallet kagesi, kanye nezimoto ezivuthayo zangaphakathi eziphikisana nesondo eliqinile elisebenza emoyeni., Izimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ziphikisana nesondo elisebenza ngogesi, ama-trailer ahamba ngogesi nangaphakathi kanye nezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezingaphandle komgwaqo.Ngomagazini ka-july 1999, umagazini waseMelika "wanamuhla" waqamba izinkampani zemoto ezi-20 eziphezulu zezwe ezingama-20, phakathi kwezigaba ezi-10 zenkampani yomkhiqizo we-Lind12, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4 no-5mitsubshi / 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4 no-5Crown12, 3komatsu12, 3, 4 no-5Nissan12, 3, 4 no-5Tcm14 nezinye izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yase-gercm, izimoto zomkhiqizo eziphilayo, izimoto zomsebenzi ezihamba phambili, izimoto zomsebenzi wezindiza, njll. Cishe izinhlobo eziyi-110;ngenkathi iseChina *i-Anhui Aerial Operating Vehicle Group, inkampani enkulu ekhiqiza izimoto ezisebenza emoyeni, ikhiqiza i-116t, amamaki ayi-15, amamodeli angu-80 ezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-400 zezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni.Zonke izinkampani zezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni zisebenzisa ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zemikhiqizo nochungechunge ukuze zivumelane ngokugcwele nezidingo zabasebenzisi abahlukene, izinto ezihlukene zokusebenza nezimo ezihlukene zokusebenza, futhi ziqalise izakhiwo ezintsha namamodeli amasha ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye zabasebenzisi abanezinhlobo eziningi namaqoqo amancane .

3.2 Ukwenza luhlaza kugqugquzele ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bamandla asebenza endaweni ephakeme

Izimoto ezisebenza emoyeni zihlukaniswe zibe yizimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezivuthayo zangaphakathi kanye nezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezisebenza ngogesi.Imoto yokusebenza yasemoyeni evuthayo yangaphakathi inikwa amandla yinjini, enamandla aqinile kanye nezinhlelo eziningi zokusebenza.Ububi ukuthi igesi ekhishwayo nomsindo kungcolisa imvelo futhi kuyingozi empilweni yabantu.Izidingo zokuvikela imvelo zikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kobuchwepheshe bamandla: I-TCM ibuyekeze imoto yasemoyeni engu-3.58t diesel ngeminyaka yawo-1970, ishintsha igumbi lomlilo oshisa ngaphambili ukuze libe umjovo oqondile, konga u-17% kuya ku-20% kaphethiloli;Injini yePerkins yethula udebe oluyisicaba ekuqaleni kwawo-1980s Maphakathi nawo-1980, inkampani yaseJalimane iDeute yathuthukisa injini ekhethekile yedizili i-F913G yezimoto ezisebenza endaweni ephakeme, ezonga uphethiloli ngo-60% futhi yehlise umsindo ngo-6dB.I-Sweden yethula imoto esebenza nge-diesel-battery hybrid high-altitude;ngeminyaka yawo-1990s, izimoto ze-LPG zokungcola okuphansi ezisezingeni eliphezulu njengezimoto zokusebenza zasemoyeni ze-LPG, izimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezicindezelwe zegesi yemvelo i-CNG, kanye nezimoto zokusebenza zasemoyeni ze-propane zisemakethe, futhi umfutho wazo wokuthuthuka unamandla.

Izimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezisebenza ngogesi zinezinzuzo ezivelele njengokuguqula amandla aphezulu, azikho izinto ezikhishwayo, nomsindo ophansi.Ziyithuluzi elikhethwayo lokuphatha impahla yasendlini, kodwa zinqunyelwe umthamo webhethri, amandla aphansi kanye nesikhathi esifushane sokusebenza.Njengamanje, kokubili ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe kuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bebhethri ye-lead-acid ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi ngokuthuthukisa ukuhlanzeka kwezinto zokwakha, kuye kwalithuthukisa kakhulu inani lokushajwa kabusha, umthamo kanye nokusebenza kahle kukagesi.Ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezisebenza ngogesi manje sezidlulile emkhawulweni wokuthi zingasetshenziswa kuphela ekusebenzeni kwamathoni amancane.Njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezisebenza ngogesi emhlabeni sekubalele u-40% yenani eliphelele lezimoto zokusebenza zasemoyeni, ezifuywayo ezingu-10% 15%, eJalimane, e-Italy kanye nezinye izimoto zasemoyeni ezisebenza ngogesi zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu* zifinyelela ku-65%.

Ngokuzayo, izimoto ezisebenza endaweni ephakeme kakhulu zizosebenzisa kakhulu umjovo we-electronic combustion kanye nobuchwepheshe besitimela obuvamile.Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-catalysis ye-exhaust yenjini kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlanza kuzonciphisa ngempumelelo igesi eyingozi kanye nokukhishwa kwezinhlayiya.Izimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezisebenza ngophethiloli njenge-LPGCNG kanye nezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezixubile zizothuthukiswa.Ngemizamo ehlanganyelwe yezinkampani ezinkulu, iseli entsha kaphethiloli yebhethri izonqoba ukonakala kwamanani futhi ingene emakethe ngamaqoqo.Njengamanje, iziqhwaga zezimoto zomhlaba wonke zisebenza ngokubambisana ocwaningweni lwezimoto zikagesi.Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla emoto kagesi, ukudluliswa, ukulawula, ukuphepha nobunye ubuchwepheshe ezimotweni ezisebenza emoyeni kuzokwenza uguquko olusezingeni eliphezulu ekusebenzeni kwezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ezisebenza ngogesi.

3.3 Ukusetshenziswa kokonga amandla kanye nokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu bemishini kanye nama-hydraulics

Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-microelectronics, ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokucubungula ulwazi kuzodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinga lonke lemboni yezimoto zasemoyeni, ukuqaphela imisebenzi eyinhlanganisela, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha, ukulawula, kanye nokuzenzakalela kwawo wonke umshini nohlelo.Yenza ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto zikagesi nemishini, i-electronics kanye nama-hydraulics kusondele.Ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwezimoto zokusebenza zasemoyeni kusezingeni lokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bayo be-elekthronikhi.

Ukuqaphela ukuhlanganiswa kwama-mechatronics nama-hydraulics ne-microprocessor njengoba ingqikithi iyindlela eyinhloko yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokulawula imoto yomsebenzi wasemoyeni esikhathini esizayo, okungukuthi, nge-microprocessor njengomongo, ukulawulwa kuzokhula kusukela ekulawuleni kwendawo kuya kunethiwekhi, ukuze yonke imoto ikwazi ukugcina isimo esihle sokusebenza , Ukubona ukusebenza okuhlakaniphile kwamaloli omsebenzi wasemoyeni.Ezimotweni zikagesi, isilawuli sesivinini esingaguquguquki sisusiwe, futhi i-transistor entsha ye-MOSFET isetshenziswe kabanzi ngenxa yesango layo eliphansi* ledrayivu yamanje, izici ezinhle zokulawula ukuhambisana, kanye nesoftware kanye nehardware yokulungisa okuzenzakalelayo kanye nemisebenzi yokuzihlola yehadiwe.Izilawuli zochungechunge nezilawuli ezithokozisayo ezihlukene kuseyimikhiqizo ehamba phambili emakethe, futhi ubuchwepheshe bokulawula i-AC buyaqala.Ngokuncishiswa kwezindleko zohlelo lokulawula isivinini se-AC kanye nokunganaki kobuchwepheshe bezimoto ze-AC ezivaliwe, inkundla ye-AC motor yasemoyeni izongena esikhundleni se-DC motor yasemoyeni ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu nokusebenza kahle kokulungiswa.Ukusetshenziswa kwesistimu yokuqondisa kagesi kanye nesilinganiso sokuqondisa amandla kungonga amandla ngo-25%.Ngokwezimo zokusebenza zezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni, isivinini semoto singalawulwa ngesikhathi, isilinganiso esisebenzayo sokonga amandla kanye nokunciphisa umsindo wezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-transistors e-MOSFET angonga amandla ngo-20% uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawulwa kwejubane eliphikisayo.Ukukhishwa kwamabhuleki okuvuselelayo kungonga amandla ngo-5% kuya ku-8%.Ukusebenzisa isilawuli se-hydraulic motor kanye nokulayisha ubuchwepheshe obunamandla bokubuyisela amandla kungawonga amandla ngo-20% no-5% ngokulandelanayo.

3.4 Sebenzisa izimiso ze-anthropology ukuze uphishekele ukulawula ukunethezeka

Inkampani ngayinye yezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni ithuthukisa futhi ithuthukise ukuxhumana nomshini womuntu wemoto esebenza emoyeni ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze yenze ukulawula kube lula, ukonga abasebenzi, kusheshe futhi kunembile, futhi kunikeze ukudlala okuphelele ekusebenzeni kahle komshini womuntu.Isibonelo, ifakwe amathuluzi edijithali adonsa amehlo kanye namadivayisi we-alamu ukuze ibone ukuqapha komugqa wezimo zokusebenza;ikhebhu elintantayo linganyakaziswa futhi liphakanyiswe ukuze umbusi akwazi ukuthola uhla olugcwele lombono;isibambo esimaphakathi sithatha indawo yokulawula izibambo eziningi, futhi isilawuli se-elekthronikhi singena esikhundleni sokulawula okwenziwa ngesandla;Futhi kancane kancane sebenzisa iziqapha ze-elekthronikhi nezibonisi zobude njengokumiswa okujwayelekile kwezimoto zokusebenza zasemoyeni eziphakeme kakhulu.

3.5 Umklamo wokumodela wezimboni

Eminyakeni yamuva, izinkampani ezinkulu ziye zethula amamodeli amasha abukeka ngendlela ekhangayo, ekhombisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamaloli okusebenza emoyeni njengezimoto.Uguquko olulula, lwe-arc olukhulu nokumataniswa kombala ogqamile nokuhlanganisiwe.Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bamakhompiyutha, i-virtual prototype design, imodeli eqinile enezinhlangothi ezintathu, i-prototyping esheshayo nezinye izindlela zokuklama ezithuthukile kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obusezingeni eliphezulu, ukumodela kwezimoto zasemoyeni kuzothuthuka futhi kube yisici.

3.6 Qaphela ukuphepha, ukwethembeka kanye nokugcinwa kahle kwezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni

Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komshayeli bekulokhu kubhekwa njengento ebalulekile kubaklami bezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni.Ngaphezu kwezinyathelo zokuphepha eziyisisekelo ezifana nokupaka, ukushayela amabhuleki, ukuzikhiya ngaphambili, kanye nokunciphisa umkhawulo wejubane, ifakwe uhlelo lokuqapha olusebenza ngokugcwele, i-dynamic braking system, i-anti-rollover system, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamasethi amathathu azimele okulawula i-electronic, i-hydraulic kanye nemishini Uhlelo lokubhuleka luthuthukisa kakhulu ukuphepha nokuthembeka kwemoto.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi kwenze ucwaningo ngokuphepha kwezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni luthuthuke ngendlela yobuhlakani.Mayelana nokuthuthukisa ukugcinwa, kugcizelelwa ekwenzeni lula ukuqaqa nokuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa izingxenye, ukugcwalisa indawo eyodwa, ukuhlolwa nokuqapha, ukufinyeleleka okuthuthukisiwe kwezingxenye, kanye nezinto zokulungisa ezincishisiwe.

3.7 Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni zamabhokisi kanye nezitaki zokufinyelela kumabhokisi

Njengamanje, abakhiqizi abakhulu bemishini yokuphatha kanye nokupakishwa kwesitsha bagxile e-Europe, njenge-KalmarSMV eSweden, i-BelottiCVSFantuzzi e-Italy, i-PPM e-France, i-SISUValmet e-Finland, ne-Linde yaseJalimane.Kukhona umkhiqizi oyedwa kuphela wasekhaya wezimoto ezisebenza emoyeni eziqukathi, futhi abakhiqizi ababili kuphela bezisakazo ze-stacker, ezithembele kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe.Izimoto zasemoyeni ezithwala amabhokisi ziseyizinto ezibalulekile zokuphatha nokupakisha iziqukathi ezingenalutho kuzo zonke izikebhe zamabhokisi, amatheminali, neziteshi zokudlulisa, futhi inani lezendlalelo zokupakisha liyakhula.Isitaki sokufinyelela esitsheni esisetshenziselwa ukuphatha nokupakisha iziqukathi ezisindayo ezingamamitha angama-20 no-40, ngenxa yokubonakala kwaso kahle, singaphakanyiswa ngaphesheya kwezitimela zeziqukathi, sinomsebenzi wokupakisha umugqa wesibili nowesithathu weziqukathi, futhi sihamba kahle, futhi kancane kancane sizothatha indawo yeziqukathi ezisindayo Iloli yomsebenzi wasemoyeni.