Mbiri yachitukuko komanso momwe zinthu zilili panopa pamakampani oyendetsa magalimoto apadziko lonse lapansi

1. Makampani opanga mlengalenga padziko lonse lapansi adayamba chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, pomwe adatengera kwambiri zinthu zakale za Soviet Union.Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980, makampani onse adapanga mapangidwe awiri ogwirizana.Aliyense wopanga magalimoto oyendetsa ndege adayambitsa ukadaulo wapamwamba wakunja.Mwachitsanzo, kampani ya Beijing Aerial Operating Vehicle Vehicle Plant inayambitsa ukadaulo wa Mitsubishi 15t yaku Japan yowotcha mkati mosagwirizana ndi magalimoto apamlengalenga.Dalian High-Altitude Operating Vehicle General Factory idayambitsa ukadaulo wa Mitsubishi 1040t yaku Japan yakuyaka mkati mosagwirizana ndi ukadaulo wamagalimoto oyendetsa ndege komanso ukadaulo wamagalimoto oyendetsa ndege, Tianjin Aerial Operating Vehicle General Factory idayambitsa kampani yaku Bulgarian Balkan Vehicle Company 1.256.3t ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito magalimoto amtundu wa Opey Hüngzhou General & Vehicle waku Germany wa Opey Hanging West Germany kampani hydrostatic drive mlengalenga ntchito galimoto, off-msewu mlengalenga ntchito galimoto ndi magetsi mlengalenga ntchito luso, Hefei mlengalenga ntchito chomera, Baoji mlengalenga ntchito kampani anayambitsa Japanese TCM Corporation 110t mlengalenga ntchito luso, Hunan mlengalenga ntchito kampani Anayambitsa mkati kuyaka-umboni chipangizo ukadaulo wa British Pleban Machinery Company.Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1990, mabizinesi ena ofunikira akhala akuwunjika ndikukweza zinthu zawo potengera kugayidwa ndi kutengera matekinoloje obwera kuchokera kunja.Chifukwa chake, luso lamakono la magalimoto apamlengalenga opangidwa m'nyumba silofanana.Pakati pawo, chifukwa cha zovuta zaukadaulo wobwerera m'mbuyo, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amagetsi amagetsi ndi kosiyana kwambiri ndi dziko lapansi.Pakufunikabe kuitanitsa magalimoto apamtunda okwana pafupifupi madola 200 miliyoni a ku America chaka chilichonse.Kaya magalimoto aku China ogwirira ntchito mlengalenga amatha kupikisana pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi ndikukhalabe osagonjetseka pampikisano ndi osewera amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi zimadalira kuwongolera kwaukadaulo wamagalimoto apamlengalenga, makamaka kutukuka kwachangu kwa magalimoto apamlengalenga oyendera magetsi.

2 Kusanthula msika wapakhomo ndi wakunja

Zikuyembekezeredwa kuti padziko lonse lapansi pali opanga magalimoto okwera 250, omwe amapanga pafupifupi mayunitsi a 500,000 pachaka.Chifukwa cha mpikisano wochulukirachulukira, poyerekeza ndi zaka za m'ma 1980, makampani opanga magalimoto apamtunda padziko lonse lapansi awonetsa chodabwitsa cha kuchuluka kwa malonda komanso kuchepa kwa phindu.Kumbali imodzi, pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama, zimphona zoyendetsa galimoto zapamwamba zamanga mafakitale mu chitukuko.Mwachitsanzo, China yamanga Xiamen Linde, Anhui TCM Beijing Halla, Hunan Destar, Yantai Daewoo Heavy Industry, ndi Shanghai Hyster.Makampaniwa adabweretsa zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka za m'ma 1990 kupita kudziko, zomwe zidalimbikitsa chitukuko chofulumira chaukadaulo wamagalimoto oyendetsa ndege mdziko muno, komanso zidakhudza kwambiri msika wapakhomo.Kumbali inayi, ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha msika, udindo ndi udindo wa luso lazopangapanga pa chitukuko cha zachuma zakhala zoonekeratu, ndipo kulowetsedwa kwa magalimoto oyendetsa ndege kumakhala kokwera kwambiri.Zalowa m'magawo osiyanasiyana azachuma cha dziko kuchokera ku doko limodzi ladoko m'mbuyomu.makampani.Zomwe zilipo pano zamagalimoto ogwirira ntchito m'dziko langa ndi pafupifupi mayunitsi a 180,000, ndipo zomwe zimafunikira pachaka zimakhala pafupifupi mayunitsi a 100,000, pomwe kuchuluka kwa malonda apachaka ndi pafupifupi mayunitsi a 30,000 okha.Zitha kuwoneka kuti msika waku China wamagalimoto ogwirira ntchito ndi waukulu

Ndi kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa anthu za kuopsa kwa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kuteteza chilengedwe kwakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Chifukwa chake, magalimoto apamlengalenga omwe ndi ochezeka ndi chilengedwe adzakhala omwe amapezeka pamsika;chachiwiri, kukhazikitsidwa kwa makina osungira okha komanso masitolo akuluakulu kwatonthoza chidwi cha makina opangira m'nyumba.Kukula kwa kufunikira komanso kukula kwachangu kwa nsanja zapamwamba zamagetsi zamagetsi, nsanja zopita patsogolo zamlengalenga, nsanja zopapatiza zam'mlengalenga ndi makina ena osungira ndi chinthu china cha msika wamtsogolo wammlengalenga;Komanso, kusakanikirana kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndithudi Kugwirizana kwa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi kwachititsa kuti malonda achuluke kwambiri pakati pa mayiko ndi mayiko.Zambiri zikuwonetsa kuti zotengera zapadziko lonse lapansi zikuchulukirachulukira pafupifupi 30% chaka chilichonse.Kuwonjezeka kwa malonda kudzalimbikitsa chitukuko chofulumira cha zipangizo zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito zidebe ndi stacking.

3 Chitukuko chaukadaulo wamakono wamagalimoto apamtunda

3.1 Kukhazikika ndi kusiyanasiyana kwazinthu

Malinga ndi njira yamagulu a American Industrial Vehicle Association, magalimoto oyendetsa ndege amagawidwa m'magulu a 123456 ndi 77, omwe ndi magalimoto apamtunda amagetsi, magalimoto oyendetsa ndege amagetsi, magalimoto amagetsi amagetsi, komanso magalimoto oyaka mkati mosagwirizana ndi matayala olimba a mlengalenga., Kuyaka kwamkati kumatsutsana ndi magalimoto apamlengalenga oyendetsa matayala a pneumatic, ma trailer okwera magetsi ndi oyaka mkati ndi magalimoto oyendetsa ndege omwe sapita panjira.Mu Julayi 1999, magazini yaku America ya "Modern Material Handling" yaku America idatcha makampani 20 apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe magulu 10 apamwamba kwambiri amakampani amtundu wa Lind12, 3, 4, 5 ndi 6Toyota12, 3, 4, 5 ndi 6Nacco / MHG12, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4))))))))))))) ndi 5Mitsubshi/Caterpillar12, 3, 4 ndi 5Crown12, 3Komatsu12, 3, 4 ndi 5Nissan12, 3, 4 ndi 5TCM14 ndi 5 mitundu ina yazinthu ndi mndandanda ndi zabwino kwambiri Complete, monga German Linde kampani ili ndi dizilo, liquefied galimoto yoyendetsa galimoto, gasi loyendetsa galimoto, galimoto yoyendetsa galimoto kuunjika magalimoto, magalimoto onyamula katundu, magalimoto apatsogolo apamlengalenga ogwirira ntchito, mathirakitala amagetsi, ndi zina zambiri. pafupifupi mitundu 110;tili ku China *Anhui Aerial Operating Vehicle Group, kampani yayikulu yopanga magalimoto apamlengalenga, imapanga 116t, giredi 15, mitundu 80 yamitundu yopitilira 400 yamagalimoto apamlengalenga.Makampani onse a mlengalenga oyendetsa galimoto amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ndi mndandanda kuti agwirizane ndi zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito osiyanasiyana, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito ndi malo osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito, ndikuyambitsa nyumba zatsopano ndi zitsanzo zatsopano nthawi ndi nthawi kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi mitundu yambiri ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono .

3.2 Greening imalimbikitsa chitukuko chaukadaulo wamagetsi oyendetsa magalimoto apamwamba kwambiri

Magalimoto oyendetsa ndege amagawidwa m'magalimoto oyendetsa ndege oyaka mkati ndi magalimoto oyendetsa ndege amagetsi.Galimoto yoyaka mkati mwa mlengalenga imayendetsedwa ndi injini, yokhala ndi mphamvu zolimba komanso ntchito zambiri.Choyipa chake ndi chakuti mpweya wotuluka ndi phokoso zimawononga chilengedwe komanso zimawononga thanzi la munthu.Zofunikira pachitetezo cha chilengedwe zimalimbikitsa kusinthika kwaukadaulo wamagetsi: TCM idasinthiratu galimoto yoyendera dizilo ya 3.58t m'ma 1970, kusintha chipinda choyaka moto kuti chiwongolere jekeseni, kupulumutsa 17% mpaka 20% yamafuta;Injini ya Perkins inayambitsa milomo yosalala kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 Chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980, kampani ya German Deute inapanga injini yapadera ya dizilo ya F913G yamagalimoto okwera kwambiri, omwe amapulumutsa mafuta ndi 60% ndikuchepetsa phokoso ndi 6dB.Dziko la Sweden linayambitsa galimoto ya dizilo-batri yosakanizidwa yokwera pamwamba;m'zaka za m'ma 1990, magalimoto oyendetsa ndege a LPG Low-pollution high-atitude monga magalimoto apamlengalenga a LPG, magalimoto oyendetsa gasi achilengedwe a CNG, ndi magalimoto ogwirira ntchito a propane ali pamsika, ndipo chitukuko chawo ndi champhamvu.

Magalimoto apamtunda amagetsi amagetsi ali ndi zabwino zambiri monga kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kwamphamvu, kusatulutsa mpweya, komanso phokoso lochepa.Ndiwo chida chomwe chimakondedwa chogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zamkati, koma amachepetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya batri, mphamvu yochepa komanso nthawi yochepa yogwiritsira ntchito.Pakalipano, kunyumba ndi kunja kukuwongolera luso la batri la asidi-acid nthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo pokonza zinthu zoyera, zasintha kwambiri chiwerengero cha recharges, mphamvu ndi mphamvu zamagetsi.Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, magalimoto oyendetsa ndege amagetsi tsopano adutsa malire omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga matani ang'onoang'ono.Pakalipano, kutulutsa kwa magalimoto oyendetsa ndege padziko lonse lapansi ndi 40% ya kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ogwira ntchito, apakhomo 10% 15%, Germany, Italy ndi ena Western Europe * magalimoto ogwira ntchito mlengalenga ndi okwera mpaka 65%.

M'tsogolomu, magalimoto okwera kwambiri adzagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri jekeseni wamagetsi oyaka moto komanso ukadaulo wamba wanjanji.Kupanga makina opangira utsi wa injini ndi ukadaulo woyeretsa kumachepetsa bwino mpweya woipa komanso mpweya wotuluka.Magalimoto oyendetsa ndege amafuta monga LPGCNG ndi magalimoto osakanizidwa apamlengalenga adzakonzedwanso.Ndi kuyesetsa kwamakampani akuluakulu, batire yatsopano yamafuta amagetsi ithana ndi zovuta zamitengo ndikulowa mumsika m'magulu.Pakadali pano, zimphona zazikulu zamagalimoto padziko lonse lapansi zikugwira ntchito limodzi pa kafukufuku wamagalimoto amagetsi.Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagalimoto amagetsi, kutumiza, kuwongolera, chitetezo ndi matekinoloje ena pamagalimoto ogwirira ntchito zam'mlengalenga zidzasintha bwino magwiridwe antchito amagetsi amagetsi amagetsi.

3.3 Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopulumutsa mphamvu komanso kuphatikiza kwaukadaulo wapamwamba wama mechatronics ndi ma hydraulics

Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa ma microelectronics, ukadaulo wa sensa, ndi ukadaulo wopangira zidziwitso zitenga gawo lalikulu pakukweza gawo lonse lamakampani opanga magalimoto apamlengalenga, kuzindikira magwiridwe antchito, ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo, kuwongolera, ndi makina onse amakina ndi dongosolo.Pangani kuphatikiza kwamagetsi ndi makina, zamagetsi ndi ma hydraulics pafupi.Kukula kwamtsogolo kwa magalimoto ogwirira ntchito mumlengalenga kumakhala pamlingo wogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wake wamagetsi.

Kuzindikira kuphatikiza kwa mechatronics ndi ma hydraulics ndi microprocessor monga pachimake ndiye njira yayikulu yoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ndege m'tsogolo, ndiye kuti, ndi microprocessor monga pachimake, kuwongolera kumakula kuchokera kumagulu am'deralo kupita ku netiweki, kuti galimoto yonse ikhalebe yabwino kwambiri yogwirira ntchito.Pamagalimoto amagetsi, chowongolera kuthamanga kwa Conservative resistance chachotsedwa, ndipo transistor yatsopano ya MOSFET yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha chipata chake chotsika * choyendetsa pakali pano, mawonekedwe abwino owongolera ofanana, komanso kukonza kwa pulogalamu ndi hardware ndi ntchito zodzidziwitsa za hardware.Series zokometsedwa ndi olamulira zokometsa osiyana akadali mankhwala kutsogolera msika, ndi AC ulamuliro luso ali mwana.Ndi kutsika kwa mtengo wa makina oyendetsa liwiro la AC komanso kusamvetsetsa kwaukadaulo wamagalimoto otsekedwa a AC, nsanja ya AC motor mlengalenga idzalowa m'malo mwa pulatifomu ya DC motor mlengalenga chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zambiri komanso kukonza bwino.Kugwiritsa ntchito chiwongolero chamagetsi ndi chiwongolero champhamvu kumatha kupulumutsa mphamvu ndi 25%.Malinga ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito pamagalimoto oyendetsa ndege, kuthamanga kwagalimoto kumatha kuwongoleredwa munthawi yake, njira yabwino yopulumutsira mphamvu ndikuchepetsa phokoso la magalimoto oyendetsa ndege.Kuphatikiza apo, ma transistors a MOSFET amatha kupulumutsa mphamvu ndi 20% poyerekeza ndi liwiro la resistive.Kutulutsidwa kwa braking regenerative kungapulumutse mphamvu ndi 5% mpaka 8%.Kugwiritsa ntchito hydraulic motor controller ndikunyamula ukadaulo wobwezeretsa mphamvu kumatha kupulumutsa mphamvu ndi 20% ndi 5% motsatana.

3.4 Gwiritsani ntchito mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti mukwaniritse chitonthozo

Kampani iliyonse yamagalimoto oyendetsa ndege imakulitsa ndikuwongolera mawonekedwe a makina amunthu pagalimoto yoyendetsa ndege nthawi ndi nthawi kuti kuwongolera kukhale kosavuta, kopulumutsa ntchito, mwachangu komanso kolondola, ndikupereka kusewera kwathunthu pamakina amunthu.Mwachitsanzo, ili ndi zida za digito zomwe zimayang'ana maso ndi zida za alamu kuti zizindikire kuwunika kwa mizere yogwirira ntchito;kabati yoyandama imatha kusunthidwa ndikukwezedwa kuti bwanamkubwa athe kupeza masomphenya athunthu;zowongolera zapakati zimalowa m'malo mwazowongolera zingapo, ndipo kuwongolera pamagetsi kumalowa m'malo mwaulamuliro wamanja;Ndipo pang'onopang'ono gwiritsani ntchito zowunikira zamagetsi ndi mawonedwe amtali ngati kasinthidwe kokhazikika kwa magalimoto apamwamba okwera ndege.

3.5 Industrial modelling design

M'zaka zaposachedwa, makampani akuluakulu adayambitsa mitundu yatsopano yokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, omwe akuwonetsa momwe magalimoto amagwirira ntchito apamlengalenga ngati magalimoto.Zosasinthika, kusintha kwakukulu kwa arc komanso kufananiza kowala komanso kogwirizana.Ndi chitukuko cha umisiri kompyuta, pafupifupi fanizo kapangidwe, atatu azithunzithunzi olimba chitsanzo, mofulumira prototyping ndi njira zina zapamwamba kamangidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kupanga, chitsanzo cha magalimoto ntchito mlengalenga adzakhala zambiri zatsopano ndi khalidwe.

3.6 Samalani ndi chitetezo, kudalirika ndi kusamalidwa kwa magalimoto oyendetsa ndege

Kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha dalaivala nthawi zonse kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa opanga magalimoto oyendetsa ndege.Kuphatikiza pa njira zodzitetezera monga kuyimika magalimoto, kuyendetsa mabuleki, kudzitsekera kutsogolo ndikudzitsekera, ndikuchepetsa liwiro, ili ndi dongosolo loyang'anira bwino, dongosolo loyendetsa ma braking, anti-rollover system, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito magawo atatu odziyimira pawokha amagetsi, ma hydraulic ndi makina.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zamakono zathandiza kuti kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha magalimoto oyendetsa ndege apitirire njira yanzeru.Pakuwongolera kusamalitsa, kutsindika kumayikidwa pa kuphweka kwa disassembly ndi kusonkhanitsa, kusonkhanitsa zigawo, kupititsa patsogolo mafuta apakati, kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira, kupezeka kwa zigawo, ndi kuchepetsa kukonzanso zinthu.

3.7 Kupanga magalimoto oyendera mlengalenga ndi zotengera zimafika pama stackers

Pakalipano, opanga zazikulu za zida zogwiritsira ntchito ndi kusungiramo ziwiya zimakhazikika ku Ulaya, monga KalmarSMV ku Sweden, BelottiCVSFantuzzi ku Italy, PPM ku France, SISUValmet ku Finland, ndi Linde ku Germany.Pali wopanga m'modzi yekha wapanyumba wamagalimoto ogwirira ntchito zam'mlengalenga, ndipo ndi opanga awiri okha omwe amafalitsa ma stacker, makamaka kudalira kuchokera kunja.Magalimoto apamtunda a Container akadali zida zofunika kwambiri zogwirira ntchito ndikusunga zotengera zopanda kanthu m'madoko onse, ma terminals, ndi malo osinthira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zigawo zikuchulukirachulukira.The chidebe kufika stacker ntchito posamalira ndi stacking 20 ndi 40 mapazi zolemera zotengera, chifukwa cha maonekedwe ake abwino, akhoza kunyamulidwa kudutsa chidebe sitima, ali ndi ntchito ya stacking wachiwiri ndi wachitatu mizere muli, ndi kuyenda bwino, ndipo pang'onopang'ono m'malo zotengera katundu Mlengalenga ntchito galimoto.