ʻO ka mōʻaukala hoʻomohala a me ke kūlana o kēia manawa o ka ʻoihana kaʻa hana mokulele honua

1. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka ʻoihana kahua mokulele honua i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1950, i ka wā i hoʻohālike nui ai i nā huahana Soviet Union mua.Mai ka hopena o 1970s a i ka waena o 1980s, ua hoʻonohonoho ka ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa i ʻelua hoʻolālā hui.Ua hoʻolauna kēlā me kēia mea hana kaʻa hana lewa i ka ʻenehana ʻē aʻe.No ka laʻana, ua hoʻokomo ʻo Beijing Aerial Operating Vehicle Plant i ka ʻenehana o ka Mitsubishi 15t kūloko kūloko i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke kaʻa hana ea.ʻO Dalian High-Altitude Operating Vehicle General Factory i hoʻokomo i ka ʻenehana o ka Mitsubishi 1040t kūloko kūloko counterbalanced aerial kaʻa a me ka ipu ea hana kaʻa ʻenehana, Tianjin Aerial Operating Vehicle General Factory i hoʻokomo i ka Bulgarian Balkan Vehicle Company 1.256.3t internal combustion aerial hana kaʻa hana ʻenehana, a me Hangzhou Aerial General Operating kaʻa ʻenehana, a me Hangzhou Aerial General Operating Vehicle Factory. kaʻa hana lewa ma waho o ke alanui a me ka ʻenehana hana lewa uila, Hefei hana lewa, Baoji hui hana lewa i hoʻokomo i ka ʻenehana hana lewa TCM Corporation 110t, Hunan hui hana lewa Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻenehana mīkini pahū pahū i loko o ka British Pleban Machinery Company.E hoʻomaka ana i nā makahiki 1990, ua hōʻiliʻili kekahi mau ʻoihana koʻikoʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou huahana ma ke kumu o ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻenehana i lawe ʻia mai.No laila, ʻaʻole kūlike ka pae ʻenehana o nā kaʻa lewa i hana ʻia ma ka home.Ma waena o lākou, ma muli o nā kaohi o ka ʻenehana kumu hope, ʻokoʻa loa ka pae holoʻokoʻa o nā kaʻa hana lewa uila mai ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka honua.Pono nō e lawe mai ma kahi o 200 miliona US mau kaʻa hana lewa i kēlā me kēia makahiki.Hiki paha i nā kaʻa hana lewa o Kina ke hoʻokūkū i ka mākeke honua a noho mau i ka hoʻokūkū me nā mea pāʻani ikaika loa o ka honua e hilinaʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pae ʻenehana holoʻokoʻa o nā kaʻa hana ea, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kaʻa hana uila.

2 Ka nānā 'ana i ka makeke kūloko a me nā haole

Ua wānana ʻia aia ma kahi o 250 mau mea hana kaʻa hana kiʻekiʻe ma ka honua, me ka nui o ka hana makahiki ma kahi o 500,000 mau ʻāpana.Ma muli o ka ikaika o ka hoʻokūkū, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā 1980s, ua hōʻike ka ʻoihana kaʻa kaʻa ea o ka honua i kahi ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūʻai aku a me ka emi ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā.Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, i mea e hōʻemi ai i nā kumukūʻai, ua kūkulu ʻia nā hale hana kaʻa kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻomohala ʻana.No ka laʻana, ua kūkulu ʻo Kina iā Xiamen Linde, Anhui TCM Beijing Halla, Hunan Destar, Yantai Daewoo Heavy Industry, a me Shanghai Hyster.Ua lawe mai kēia mau hui i nā huahana a me nā ʻenehana holomua o ka honua i ka waena o 1990s i ka ʻāina, ka mea i hāpai i ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻenehana kaʻa hana lewa o ka ʻāina, a ua hoʻopilikia nui i ka mākeke kūloko.Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana mākeke, ua lilo ke kūlana a me ke kuleana o ka ʻenehana logistic i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke komo ʻana o nā kaʻa hana aerial.Ua komo ʻo ia i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina mai kahi kikowaena awa hoʻokahi i hala.ʻoihana.ʻO ka papa inoa o nā kaʻa hana lewa i kēia manawa ma koʻu ʻāina ma kahi o 180,000 mau ʻāpana, a ʻo ka makemake maoli o kēlā me kēia makahiki ma kahi o 100,000 mau ʻāpana, aʻo ka nui o ke kūʻai aku makahiki ma kahi o 30,000 mau ʻāpana.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he nui ka mākeke kaʻa hana lewa o Kina

Me ka ʻike hohonu o ka poʻe i ka pōʻino o ka pollution kaiapuni, ua lilo ka palekana o ke kaiapuni i mea nui o ka hopohopo maʻamau i ka honua.No laila, e lilo nā kaʻa lewa pili i ke kaiapuni i mea nui o ka mākeke;ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mālama ʻakomi a me nā hale kūʻai nui i hōʻoluʻolu i ka nānā ʻana i nā mīkini lawelawe i loko.ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka noi a me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o nā paepae uila uila hana kiʻekiʻe, nā papa lewa e neʻe nei i mua, nā ala ākea ākea a me nā mīkini mālama ʻē aʻe kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ka mākeke paepae e hiki mai ana;Eia kekahi, e hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻokele waiwai honua ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻoihana honua i hoʻonui nui i ke kālepa ma waena o nā ʻāina a i loko o nā ʻāina.Hōʻike kekahi mau ʻikepili i ka piʻi ʻana o ka pahu pahu o ka honua ma kahi o 30% i kēlā me kēia makahiki.ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kālepa e hāpai i ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka lawe ʻana i nā ipu a me nā lako hoʻopaʻa.

3 Ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻenehana kaʻa hana lewa hou

3.1 Serialization a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā huahana

Wahi a ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ka American Industrial Vehicle Association, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaʻa hana ea i 123456 a me 77 mau ʻāpana, ʻo ia nā kaʻa holo kaʻa uila, nā kaʻa hana uila uila uila, nā kaʻa pallet uila, a me nā kaʻa hoʻoheheʻe kūloko., Ku'iku'i ku'i ku'eku'i pneumatic paiki ka'a hana lewa, uila a me ka puhi 'ana i loko o ka holo ka'a a me waho-alanui ka'a hana lewa.I Iulai 1999, ua kapa ʻia ka makasina "Modern Material Handling" ʻAmelika i nā ʻoihana kaʻa kaʻa he 20 kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, ma waena o nā ʻoihana huahana 10 kiʻekiʻe ʻo Lind12, 3, 4, 5 a me 6Toyota12, 3, 4, 5 a me 6Nacco / MHG12, 3, 2Binrich a me 5Junghe. 4 a me 5Mitsubshi / Caterpillar12, 3, 4 a me 5Crown12, 3Komatsu12, 3, 4 a me 5Nissan12, 3, 4 a me 5TCM14 a me 5 mau ʻano huahana ʻē aʻe a me nā moʻolelo maikaʻi loa. s, ohi kaʻa, frontal aerial hana kaʻa, uila tractors, etc. kokoke 110 ano;ʻoiai ma Kina * ʻO Anhui Aerial Operating Vehicle Group, he hui hana kaʻa kaʻa ea nui, hoʻopuka i 116t, 15 mau māka, 80 mau hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano like ʻole o 400 o nā kaʻa hana lewa.Hoʻohana nā ʻoihana kaʻa ea āpau i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻano huahana a me nā moʻo e hoʻololi piha i nā pono o nā mea hoʻohana like ʻole, nā mea hana like ʻole a me nā wahi hana like ʻole, a hoʻomaka i nā hale hou a me nā hiʻohiʻona hou i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻokō i nā koi pilikino o nā mea hoʻohana me nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi.

3.2 Hoʻoikaika ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana mana kaʻa hana kiʻekiʻe

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaʻa hana lewa i loko o nā kaʻa hoʻohana ʻana i ka lewa a me nā kaʻa hana ea uila.Hoʻohana ʻia ke kaʻa hana lewa ahi i loko e kahi ʻenekini, me ka mana ikaika a me ka nui o nā noi.ʻO ka pōʻino, ʻo ke kinoea hoʻopau a me ka walaʻau e hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni a he mea pōʻino i ke olakino kanaka.Hoʻoikaika ka pono o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻenehana mana: Ua hoʻonui ʻo TCM i ka 3.58t diesel aerial kaʻa hana i nā makahiki 1970, e hoʻololi ana i ke keʻena puhi preheating e kuhikuhi pololei, e mālama ana i ka 17% a 20% o ka wahie;Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Perkins engine i ka lehelehe palahalaha i ka makahiki 1980 I ka waena o ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻomohala ka hui German Deute i ka mīkini diesel kūikawā F913G no nā kaʻa hana kiʻekiʻe, e mālama ana i ka wahie ma 60% a hoʻemi i ka walaʻau ma 6dB.Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo Suedena i kahi kaʻa hana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe;i ka 1990s, LPG Low-pollution kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe hana kaʻa e like me ka LPG aerial hana kaʻa, compressed maoli kinoea CNG aerial hana kaʻa, a propane aerial hana kaʻa aia ma ka makeke, a me ko lakou ulu ulu mea ikaika.

Loaʻa i nā kaʻa hana lewa uila nā pōmaikaʻi e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻohe hoʻokuʻu ʻana, a me ka leo haʻahaʻa.ʻO lākou ka mea hana i makemake ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea i loko, akā ua kaupalena ʻia lākou e ka mana pākaukau, ka mana haʻahaʻa a me ka manawa hana pōkole.I kēia manawa, ma ka home a ma waho e hoʻomaikaʻi nei i ka ʻenehana pākahi-acid i kēlā me kēia manawa, a ma ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maʻemaʻe o nā mea, ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka nui o nā recharges, hiki a me ka pono uila.Ma muli o ka holomua ʻenehana, ua haki nā kaʻa hana lewa uila i ka palena hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia no nā hana liʻiliʻi.I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻopuka ʻana o nā kaʻa hana ea uila ma ka honua he 40% o ka huina o nā kaʻa hana ea, home 10% 15%, Kelemānia, Italia a me kekahi mau kaʻa hana uila uila ʻEulopa ma ke ʻano he 65%.

I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e hoʻohana nui nā kaʻa hana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka uila a me ka ʻenehana kaʻa maʻamau.ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka catalysis exhaust engine a me ka ʻenehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe e hōʻemi pono i ke kinoea pōʻino a me nā hoʻokuʻu ʻāpana.E hoʻomohala hou ʻia nā kaʻa hana ea e like me ka LPGCNG a me nā kaʻa hana mokulele hybrid.Me ka hoʻoikaika pū ʻana o nā ʻoihana nui, e lanakila ke kelepona wahie pākaukau hou i nā hemahema o ke kumukūʻai a komo i ka mākeke i nā ʻāpana.I kēia manawa, hana pū nā hui kaʻa kaʻa honua i ka noiʻi o nā kaʻa uila.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana kaʻa uila, ka hoʻouna ʻana, ka mana, ka palekana a me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe i nā kaʻa hana ea e hana i kahi hoʻololi qualitative i ka hana o nā kaʻa hana uila uila.

3.3 Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka hoʻohui ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe o ka mechatronics a me nā hydraulics

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana microelectronics, ka ʻenehana sensor, a me ka ʻenehana hoʻoponopono ʻike e pāʻani nui i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pae holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻoihana kaʻa lewa, ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana hui, a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka palekana, ka mana, a me ka automation o ka mīkini a me ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa.Hoʻopili i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea uila a me nā mīkini, nā uila a me nā hydraulics.Aia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kaʻa hana ea i ka pae noi o kāna ʻenehana uila.

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mechatronics a me ka hydraulics me ka microprocessor ma ke ʻano he kumu nui ke kuhikuhi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana mana o ka kaʻa hana ea i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka microprocessor ke kumu, e hoʻomohala ka mana mai ka mana kūloko a hiki i ka networked, i hiki i ke kaʻa holoʻokoʻa ke mālama i ke kūlana hana maikaʻi loa.No nā kaʻa uila, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka conservative resistance speed controller, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka transistor MOSFET hou ma muli o kāna puka haʻahaʻa * kaʻa i kēia manawa, maikaʻi nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻomalu like, a me ka lako polokalamu a me nā lako hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻakomi a me nā hana ʻike ponoʻī.ʻO ka series excitation a me nā mana hoʻokaʻawale hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia nā huahana alakaʻi i ka mākeke, a aia ka ʻenehana mana AC i kona wā kamaliʻi.Me ka ho'ēmiʻana o ke kumukūʻai o ka'ōnaehana hoʻokele wikiwiki AC a me ka naiveness o kaʻenehana kaʻa kaʻa AC i paniʻia, e hoʻololi ka AC motor aerial platform i ka DC motor aerial platform ma muli o kona mana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana mālama maikaʻi.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele uila a me ka lākiō hoʻokele mana hiki ke mālama i ka ikehu e 25%.E like me nā kūlana hana o nā kaʻa hana ea, hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka kaʻa i ka manawa kūpono, kahi ana kūpono no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka leo o nā kaʻa hana ea.Eia kekahi, hiki i nā transistors MOSFET ke mālama i ka ikehu e 20% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻoponopono wikiwiki resistive.Hiki i ka braking regenerative hoʻokuʻu ke mālama i ka ikehu e 5% a 8%.Ke hoʻohana nei i ka mea hoʻokele kaʻa hydraulic a hoʻouka i ka ʻenehana hoʻolaʻa ikehu hiki ke mālama i ka ikehu e 20% a me 5% pakahi.

3.4 E hoʻohana i nā loina o ka anthropology e ʻimi i ka ʻoluʻolu hoʻomalu

Hoʻomaikaʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi kēlā me kēia hui kaʻa hana lewa i ka pilina kanaka-mīkini o ke kaʻa hana lewa i kēlā me kēia manawa e hana i ka mana maʻalahi, mālama i ka hana, wikiwiki a pololei, a hāʻawi i ka pāʻani piha i ka pono kanaka-mīkini.No ka laʻana, ua hoʻolako ʻia me nā mea hana kikohoʻe a me nā mea hoʻāla e ʻike ai i ka nānā ʻana o ka laina o nā kūlana hana;hiki ke hoʻoneʻe a hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ke kaʻa lana i hiki i ke kiaʻāina ke loaʻa ka ʻike piha piha;Hoʻololi ka mana kikowaena kikowaena i ka mana lima, a hoʻololi ka mana uila i ka mana lima;A e hoʻohana mālie i nā mea nānā uila a me nā hōʻike kiʻekiʻe e like me ka hoʻonohonoho maʻamau o nā kaʻa hana lewa kiʻekiʻe.

3.5 Hoʻolālā hoʻohālike ʻenehana

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻolauna nā hui nui i nā hiʻohiʻona hou me nā hiʻohiʻona maka, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano hoʻomohala o nā kaʻa hana lewa e like me nā kaʻa.ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana, ka hoʻololi arc nui a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka waihoʻoluʻu.Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana kamepiula, ka hoʻolālā prototype virtual, ka hoʻohālike paʻa ʻekolu-dimensional, ka prototyping wikiwiki a me nā ʻano hana hoʻolālā holomua ʻē aʻe a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohālike ʻana o nā kaʻa hana lewa e lilo i mea hou a me ke ʻano.

3.6 E nānā pono i ka palekana, ka hilinaʻi a me ka mālama ʻana o nā kaʻa hana lewa

ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka palekana o ka mea hoʻokele ka mea nui e noʻonoʻo ai i nā mea hoʻolālā o nā kaʻa hana lewa.Ma waho aʻe o nā mea palekana maʻamau e like me ke kaʻa, ka hoʻokele kaʻa, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i mua, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka palena wikiwiki, ua lako ʻia me kahi ʻōnaehana nānā pono piha, ʻōnaehana braking dynamic, ʻōnaehana anti-rollover, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻekolu mau hoʻonohonoho kūʻokoʻa o ka mana uila, hydraulic a me mechanical ʻO ka ʻōnaehana braking e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka palekana a me ka hilinaʻi o ke kaʻa.I ka manawa like, ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana uila i hiki ai i ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka palekana o nā kaʻa hana ea e hoʻomohala i ke ala o ka naʻauao.Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mālama ʻana, ua kau ʻia ke koʻikoʻi i ka maʻalahi o ka wehe ʻana a me ka hui ʻana, ka hui ʻana o nā ʻāpana, ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke kikowaena, ka nānā ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ʻana o nā ʻāpana, a me nā mea mālama liʻiliʻi.

3.7 Hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kaʻa hana lewa pahu a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa pahu pahu

I kēia manawa, ʻo nā mea hana nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka ipu a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa ʻana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ʻEulopa, e like me KalmarSMV ma Suedena, BelottiCVSFantuzzi ma Italia, PPM ma Farani, SISUValmet ma Finland, a me Linde ma Kelemānia.Hoʻokahi wale nō mea hana hale o nā kaʻa hana lewa pahu, a ʻelua wale nō mea hana o nā mea hoʻolaha stacker hiki, e hilinaʻi nui ana i nā mea lawe mai.ʻO nā kaʻa hana lewa pahu pahu he mau mea pono loa ia no ka lawelawe ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā pahu pahu ʻole i nā awa pahu pahu, nā terminals, a me nā keʻena hoʻoili, a ke piʻi nei ka nui o nā papa hoʻopaʻa.Ka ipu a hiki stacker hoʻohana 'ia no ka lawelawe 'ana a me ka stacking 20 a me 40 kapuaʻi kaumaha ipu, no ka mea, o kona ike maikai, hiki ke hāpai 'ia ma luna o ka ipu kaaahi, i ka hana o ka stacking ka lua a me ke kolu lalani o na ipu, a holo smoothly, a e hoʻololi mālie ipu kaumaha Aerial hana kalaka.